《跨文化媒体话语中的视角化研究》吴琼著|(epub+azw3+mobi+pdf)电子书下载

图书名称：《跨文化媒体话语中的视角化研究》

【作　者】吴琼著

【丛书名】本书得到“集美大学优秀著作出版基金”资助

【页 数】 275

【出版社】 厦门：厦门大学出版社 , 2017.01

【ISBN号】978-7-5615-5861-4

【价 格】69.00

【分 类】传播媒介-研究

【参考文献】 吴琼著. 跨文化媒体话语中的视角化研究. 厦门：厦门大学出版社, 2017.01.

图书封面：

图书目录：

《跨文化媒体话语中的视角化研究》内容提要：

本书的研究将建立在社会认知基础上的视角化理论引入批评话语分析，建立起跨文化媒体话语对比研究的新框架。植根于社会认知的视角理论具有将认知、社会、语言三维度相结合的理论潜力，作为一种基本认知工具，可以成为体现社会表征的思维模式和话语表征的媒介。

《跨文化媒体话语中的视角化研究》内容试读

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Rationales for the Present Study

1.1.1 Critical Intersections:Media Discourse,Ideology and

Culture

It is axiomatic for scholars from various disciplines of social science thatlanguage is never simply a neutral instrument to convey meaning,but rather aculturally subjective system reflecting people's worldview.Language symbolizesthe common beliefs and psychological make-up of the community from which itsprings.The same is true for the media.Over the decades,the professional notionsof objectivity and neutrality of the media have been successively challenged whenresearchers identified ideological biases in the language of news in various ways(e.g.

Bell 1991;Bell van Leeuwen 1994;Butt,Lukin,Matthiessen 2004;Fairclough1995b;Fowler 1991;Hodge Kress 1993;Iedema 1995,1997;Kress van Leeuwen1998;Lakoff 2000;Schiller 1981;Trew 1979;van Dijk 1988,1998b;van Leeuwen1986).The tension between news reporting and its "objectivity"is explained by

Iedema et al.(1995),discussing that the notion of"objectivity"is in fact a"rhetoricaleffect"that naturalizes the ideological biases in news.Rather than reflecting objectivereality,news is regarded as a socially constructed product,influenced by a host ofpolitical,economic,and ideological factors,symbolizing the beliefs and practicesgenerated from a certain cultural community.

The modern media possess an unprecedented power to encode and circulatesymbolic representations.Through the media,people are positioned,or positionthemselves,in relation to a flood of images and information about what the world isand what happens around us.Thus the media play a key role in how,in our everyday

跨文化螺体话语中的视角化研究

Perspectivation in Cross-cultural Medla Representation

lives,we understand the world around us and our place within it.As builders ofsociety and managers of symbolic arena,the media aren't a mere technical mediumof reproduction of reality.They assume a cultural and social role of mediation.As aform of value-laden public discourse,the media has been of great research interest forscholars from diverse disciplines.They have delved themselves into entangling themystery of media discourse,tracing the complex and subtle ways in which the mediaare implicated in the structuring of our practices,our social relationships,and our veryidentity.

In recent decades,most of researches on media discourse have been conductedwithin the framework of critical discourse analysis (CDA).In claiming that textsare multiply implicated in their social contexts and,thereby,come to shape variousforms of knowledge and identity,CDA has been instrumental in developing a moredynamic and ideologically-sensitive mode of inquiry into the media.Pioneeringanalyses of media discourse conducted within the CDA framework are abundant andfruitful:including Fowler's pioneering work on relating grammatical structure toideological analysis in the media(1979);Fairclough's deployment of social theoryand intertextuality in the illumination of discourse practice (1989,1998);van Dijk'sintegration of socio-cognition into discourse studies (1990;1993b;2003;2008)

Wodak's synthetic approach by incorporating historical analysis(2001);and Fowler'scritical scan of societal structures and discourse structures (1991).These and manyother scholars have systemically demonstrated how the media are deeply implicatedin relations of power and ideology of a certain cultural community.The criticalapproaches to media discourse may be varied,but they all point to the seemingly samedirection:the growing fusion of linguistic study,critical sociopolitical theory andcultural studies.

Nevertheless,CDA has attracted much critique over the years (see Widdowson1995,1998;Verschueren 2001,Schegloff 1997,Wodak 2006,etc.)and varioustheorists have sought to address its primary shortcoming of overlooking the mediatinglink between discourse and society.Many scholars admit that major difficultiesof operationalizing the CDA research process are usually related to this problem(Fairclough and Wodak 1997;van Dijk 2003,2005;Wodak 2001;Weiss and Wodak2003;Chilton 2004).A theoretical foundation capable of reconciling sociological,cognitive and linguistic categories(mediation)is obviously required.However,nosuch uniform theoretical framework of mediation has been proposed in CDA todate.Moreover,Bell (1991)points out that the nature of analytic framework willbe the obstacle for future media studies.In particular,when we examine media

2

Chapter 1 Introduction

representation across cultures,an analytic framework that can offer effective nexusbetween language and culture/discourse and society becomes even more crucial.Thus,an analytic framework that fits the multidisciplinarity of media discourse and providesthe missing link between discourse and society should be explored for a more holisticinterpretation and explanation of cross-cultural media representation.

1.1.2 Perspective as the Socio-Cognitive Interface Between

Ideology and Media Discourse

"Perspective"refers to a position from which an object or an event is seen orperceived.It has been interchangeably used with such notions as point-of-view,standpoint,stance,position(and positioning,Muhlhausler Harre 1990),orientation,etc.The concept has been used in various disciplines of human science.Graumanndevelops the concept into a socio-cognitive construct and presents a tripartite structureof perspectivity which consists of three interrelated elements of"viewpoint","aspect"and "horizon".Graumann's conceptualization of perspectivity has inspired manystudies of perspectival representation in discourse as well as studies of cross-culturalcommunicative practices.

We take Graumann's concept of perspectivity as the starting point for ourpresent investigation.The concept that emphasizes the social character of languageand cognition embraces a socio-cognitive approach to discourse.The distinctivefeature of a socio-cognitive approach is the belief that our knowledge of reality is amental construct,a product from everyday-life's intersubjective experience.Socialdynamics are not perceived in themselves;they cannot be perceived without meaningbeen attributed to them.In other words,social phenomena are perceived from acertain perspective which ascribes meaning to them.Thus,we see perspective act asa cognitive device mediating between mental construct of social representations anddiscourse representation.Perspective,taking its root in social cognition,demonstratesits theoretical potential of combining the cognitive,social and linguistic dimensionsand can be alternatively,but conveniently and heuristically used as a cognitivedevice to mediate between discourse and society.Therefore the integration of theconcept "perspectivity"into CDA can enrich its theoretical formation and provide amore rigorous analytic framework for explicating the complex relationship betweendiscourse,ideology and culture.

Perspectivation is an omnipresent feature of any linguistic realization.Reportingany event involves a process of selection,manipulation,bias and prejudice,on the

3

跨文化媒体话语中的视角化研究

Perspectivation in Cross-cultural Media Representation

part of the news reporter,not only with regard to the "facts"themselves,but also withrespect to the words used to express or describe these facts,which can result in thesame event being presented completely differently,particularly when reported fromdifferent cultural contexts.All news products are perspectivized based on a choicesystem extending from choosing (or not)a certain word,a certain linguistic structureto a macro-topic.During this perspectivising process,all political,social,ideologicalor socio-psychological factors are supposed to play a role in influencing the choices.

The socio-cognitive based concept of perspectivity opens space to understand howindividuals as members of groups may develop points of view in terms of socialrepresentations that are available to them by virtue of their membership of thatparticular group.Such a conception allows for the analysis of the encounters betweendifferent points of view based on divergent backgrounds of social representations.Inthis sense,perspective can accommodate a cross-cultural analytic framework wherehow the same event is represented in different media can be compared and contrastedand as a consequence,reveals how the same event is socially and culturally mediatedto turn out totally different images for the audience.

1.2 Objectives of the Present Study

The overall objective of the present study is to show how perspective can beintegrated into the CDA paradigm and an analytic framework thus established canaccommodate a cross-cultural study of media representation.

The first objective is to replenish the theoretical construct of perspectivity todemonstrate its theoretical potential for a critical framework for a cross-culturalmedia discourse analysis.While the concept "perspective"has been widely usedand discussed in various disciplines,there exists ambiguity in its connotation andunsystemacity in its methodologies.Our primary purpose is to clarify its notion andsubstantiate its theoretical formations.Based on Graumann's conceptualization of"perspectivity",we develop the concept further in the context of the more recentdevelopments in social psychology that transpire in the works of Moscovici (2000),

Asch(1952),Arendt(1958),Billig (1987,1991),Harre van Langenhove(1999),etc.,meanwhile fusing theories from philosophy and social sciences.The conceptis formulated in a way that a systematic and logical analytic framework can beestablished for a rational account of cross-cultural media representation.

The second objective is to validate the application of the concept "perspectivity"

Chapter 1 Introduction

to a critical cross-cultural study of media discourse representation.The inherentfeature of news-as-social-construction underlines a critical approach to media studies.

However,CDA,as discussed above,has been frequently questioned for its theoreticalinadequacy of providing a necessary link between discourse and society.We intendto demonstrate that perspective,as a socio-cognitive construct can bridge the gapbetween discourse and society.The integration of the concept into CDA frameworkcan act as a more heuristic approach to media studies.

The third objective is to carry out empirical study to show how the same socialevent is perspectivised and mediated across cultures.For this purpose,a specificmedia event is selected.We rivet our attention on cross-cultural disaster reporting.Themedia's role in the construction,representation and framing of tragic events forms animportant component of our mediated modernity.It creates a mass politics of pity thatunites humanity through images of destruction,death,turmoil and human degradation.

Through the empirical study,we show how the reporting of suffering in differentcultures is influenced by their respective perspectival strategies which open up publicspaces for negotiation and contestation of power and which produce appropriate andsustain cultural codes through people's interactions with the mediated environment.

Finally,based on the empirical study,we demonstrate the value of contrastivestudy.We show that a comparative perspective on the discursive practices andstrategies with which participants construct culturally specific media discourse canenrich a "phenomenology of media language"that would be heuristic for investigatingthe connection between language,media and the world.

1.3 Clarifications of Some Key Notions

1.3.1 Media and Discourse

The concept of discourse requires a little explanation at this point.In its generalusage,discourse refers to a group of statements written and spoken,by which aparticular topic,object,process is to be talked about.I am using discourse here in thetradition of Foucault (1969)who refers to discourse as a "social practice"dispersedthrough a cultural world in linguistic forms and exerting a dominating effect on whatcan be thought or spoken.Foucault(1969)defines discourses as:

5

跨文化媒体话语中的视角化研究

Perspectivation in Cross-cultural Media Representation

...practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak.(Foucault 1969:49)

This conceptualisation brings together several features of discourse.Oneis the use of the word "practices"which suggests what Burr(1995)refers to asthe performative function of language through which people act upon the world.

Discourses are not simply representations of such acts.Words make a differenceto reality;they do not just report it."Systematically"suggests a structuring andorganising principle.Discourses are repetitive and patterned.The objects Foucaultrefers to are the nominal categories of our world.They include physical objects,activities,identities,forms of embodiment,relationships and social groupings (Gee,1999).The final words of Foucault's definition are "the objects of which they speak".

Here the speaking folds back into the practices mentioned at the start of the definition.

The effect is to suggest the reflexive logic of the workings of discourse.Gee (1999)describes this as the "reciprocity"of language and "reality".Through discourse wesimultaneously reflect the way the world is and we construe it or construct it that way.

Discourse is a fluid concept that bears upon the structuring of social andinstitutional forms,of relations between individuals and groups and of individualsubjective experience (see also Burman Parker 1993;Parker 1992).Discourseis implicated in the construction of power relations through its authorization andlegitimization of social positions,thereby constituting positions of relative privilegeand relative disadvantage.Foucault also drew links between the development ofparticular regimes of knowledge in discourse and the legitimization of social positionsin relation to that knowledge.In this way,he pointed to the connections betweenknowledge and power.

News in the written press is a specific kind of mass media discourse which isintended to objectively pass on some kind of new information to a general public.

However,news does not project the real world "objectively".Cast in Caldas-

Coulthard:

News is not a natural phenomenon emerging from facts in real life,but socially and culturaldetermined.News producers are social agents in a network of social relations who reveal their

own stance towards what is reported.News is not the event,but the partial,ideologically framed

report of the event.(2003:274)

Contrary to any claims to "objectivity"on the part of the media industry,newsreporting is a mode of rhetoric in the broadest sense of the word-a value laden,

6

···试读结束···